•    A vane is defined in hydraulic machines as a flat plate or curved plate which is fixed on the rim of wheel which is known as a water wheel or a turbine.

•    When a jet of water impinges normally a flat stationary vane, the force exerted by it is equal tot eh rate of change of momentum per second.


Mass of water striking the plate/sec  =  ρ a v

The velocity of jet is reduced to zero after impact in its original direction as the plate is fixed.

Force on plate  = rate of change of momentum

                        = (mass of water striking the plate) x (change in velocity in the direction
                         normal to the plate)

                         = ρ a v (v – 0)

                          F = ρ a v²

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